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Explore open-source Github repositories like The System Design Primer by Donne Martin for comprehensive visual breakdowns.

Caching (Redis/Memcached) and Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). Step 5: Database Sharding and Federation. 4. The "Deep Dive" Sections

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Step 4: High-Level DesignDraw a diagram showing the main components: the client, the load balancer, the web servers, the application services, and the data stores. This is the skeleton of your system.

The 2021 framework popularized the need to quantify a system before building it. You can't design a database without knowing if you're handling 100 requests per second or 1 million. This is the skeleton of your system

Scalability: You must know how to scale a system both vertically (adding more power to a single machine) and horizontally (adding more machines to the pool). Most modern interviews focus on horizontal scaling.

Address race conditions, distributed locking, and message queues (e.g., Kafka, RabbitMQ) to decouple heavy processing tasks. Least Frequently Used (LFU)

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Be prepared to explain Least Recently Used (LRU), Least Frequently Used (LFU), and Time-To-Live (TTL) settings. Load Balancing and Routing

What features must the system support? (e.g., "Users can upload videos," "Users can view a real-time view count"). Focus on the top 2–3 core features.